Hi, biodiversity isn't talked about much at Glasgow. How does this contribute as protection and urban enrichment add to the "cooling cities" paradigm? Thanks.

Canada is warming twice the rate of global heating and we see the effects significantly in Toronto. The winter period is shorten and in summer we face several heat waves event that the duration and frequency is raised. There are several nature-based solutions that need to incorporated into the building codes before can be applied in cities.

Jack, seems that one of the biggest impediments to smart surface mass deployment is collaboration in planning, design, cost, etc. between private sector and public sector (local, state, federal, etc.) Have you seen a US city address this challenge effectively regarding smart surface deployment so far?

Combined Green infrastructure elements in cities help integrate the natural environment into the built environment to improve biodiversity. Have to look at these “surfaces” as a system

To Gerhard, I'm wondering what is the role of the model and simulation in your work: if its an end point, as you want to deliver this model to the city-state? Or, if you're using the model to produce guidelines and metrics and then the model is actually a way to get parameters and produce manuals.

What kind of nature-based solutions on roofs have been employed in Baltimore and Singapore to mitigate urban heating and urban flooding? Have the effects of blue roof been investigated so far? Or the combination of blue and green roofs?

I have a rather trivial question on the temperature we should be talking about. I was working on a cost-benefit analysis for phoenix and adaptation strategies. I realized scientists do not have a rather uniform definition of temperature. They talk about 2-m-near-surface, surface, and human-comfort temperature in different adaptation evaluations. Sometimes the different indicators result in different conclusions. Especially for cool pavements…

This question I believe is for both: in thinking about the different scales in your work, what is the criteria to zoom-in in the urban design scale. Gerhard stressed it, that the main concern is the pedestrian level, so how do you select areas in the city to pilot and detail (thinking from urban-territorial to the very small scale urban-design-building scale). In the case of Jack it seems it's always addressed as urban-wide solutions, but maybe I'm wrong?

Singapore is well known for their man-made tree structures. any quantifiable uhi benefits?

Thank you! Love the digital twin model and smart surfaces! More tools to help make cities more livable and inclusive for people first (not cars😁)

Perfect, thank you for the answer Gerhard.

Need to drop off. Great presentations today!

Thank you very much indeed for this informative session, appreciated. Wishing you all well.

Thanks to our presenters, very appreciated, some great work.

If anyone has any more questions or would like to talk more offline, my email is jbecce@smartsurfacescoalition.org

Thank you everyone for these great presentations. I learned a lot today! Much appreciated.